On Ubuntu 18.04
Multiple installations (11, 12, 13) be wary of that, as pg_upgradcluster for example will always go for the highest version.
copied configuration files for new version
cp -R /etc/posgresql/11 /etc/posgresql/12
initialized new version db
/usr/lib/postgresql/12/bin/initdb -D /srv/postgres/12/main
stopped the current server and killed all connections
/usr/lib/postgresql/11/bin/pg_ctl -D /srv/postgres/11/main/ -mf stop
ran checked upgrade with linked files
time /usr/lib/postgresql/12/bin/pg_upgrade --old-bindir /usr/lib/postgresql/11/bin/ --new-bindir /usr/lib/postgresql/12/bin/ --old-datadir /srv/postgres/11/main/ --new-datadir /srv/postgres/12/main/ --link --check
had to fix diverse configuration file problems that are obvious when running
"/usr/lib/postgresql/11/bin/pg_ctl" -w -l "pg_upgrade_server.log" -D "/srv/postgres/11/main" -o "-p 50432 -b -c listen_addresses='' -c unix_socket_permissions=0700 -c unix_socket_directories='/var/lib/postgresql'" start
cat pg_upgrade_server.log
mostly faulty references to configuration files, or having to make explicit the non-standard data dir location.
then the systemd related things
systemctl disable postgres@11-main
systemctl enable postgres@12-main
This place was most helpful: https://blog.crunchydata.com/blog/how-to-perform-a-major-version-upgrade-using-pg_upgrade-in-postgresql